Rabbi Avi Shafran

Reform rabbis have "gravely misled not only other Jews, but the entire world by fostering the notion that Judaism tolerates homosexual acts," a fervently Orthodox group is charging.

Agudath Israel of America attacked the Reform movement's acceptance of gay commitment ceremonies in a quarter-page ad on the April 14 New York Times op-ed page.

The ad was a response to a March 29 resolution adopted by the Reform movement's Central Conference of American Rabbis, which asserts that "the relationship of a Jewish, same-gender couple is worthy of affirmation through appropriate Jewish ritual."

The executive director of the CCAR said he was not surprised or overly concerned by Agudath Israel's advertisement.

"My sense was before the resolution passed, and now that it's over, that while other groups may disagree and disagree strongly with our stance, that ultimately our friends will remain our friends and our detractors will remain our detractors," said Rabbi Paul Menitoff.

Gays and lesbians and many liberal Jews welcomed the CCAR resolution, which passed overwhelmingly in a voice vote but is not as strong in its wording as some had originally expected. It does not use the words "marriage" or "wedding" and supports the decision of rabbis who choose not to officiate at same-sex unions, as well as those who do.

Nonetheless, Orthodox leaders have been vociferous in condemning it. The recent advertisement, which states "Judaism Is Not a Mirror of Society's Shifting Mores" in large writing at the top, goes on to say, "Let it be said loudly and clearly: The Torah, the very basis of the Jewish faith, explicitly considers such acts and relationships deeply sinful, condemns them without qualification and leaves no room for their formal recognition."

Rabbi Avi Shafran, a spokesman for Agudath Israel, said his group's advertisement is not intended to provoke a fight with the Reform movement but is "aimed at doing one thing: making sure the general public, both Jewish and non-Jewish, realizes this is not a Jewish move of a Jewish movement and doesn't reflect Judaism as it has been historically defined."

Agudath Israel's last advertisement in The New York Times, said Shafran, was a 1995 statement denouncing the assassination of Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin.

Another Orthodox group, the Rabbinical Council of America, recently published an article in its journal titled, "Homosexuality: A Political Mask for Promiscuity."

That article, written by a retired psychiatrist who identifies himself as a longtime member of a Reform temple, compares homosexuals to smokers and drug addicts, and wrote that they "can change their habits, but only if they want to."

Despite the criticism from Orthodox groups, the CCAR's Menitoff emphasized that the general reaction to the resolution has been positive. "What's been heartening is the tremendous positive response from certainly lots of individuals in the Jewish community, both straight and gay and lesbian," he said.

"This has meant on a deep level a great deal to not only gay and lesbian Jews but to non-Jews," he added, noting that many non-Jewish clergy leaders have privately "expressed their admiration for what we've done and indicated that they hope their respective groups would be able to follow suit in the not-too-distant future."

Challenging Policy

Gay couples return to court to gain housing at Yeshiva U.

Yeshiva University is enmeshed in its own battle over gay and lesbian couples less than a month after the Reform movement affirmed the right of its rabbis to officiate at same-gender commitment ceremonies.

Two lesbian students and a gay-lesbian-bisexual student group are suing Yeshiva University's Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York for barring same-sex couples from living in its subsidized, on-campus married-student housing.

Gay and lesbian students at the university, like other students, are eligible for university housing, but their nonstudent partners are not.

While Yeshiva University is officially a nonsectarian institution except for its Orthodox rabbinical school, it is the oldest and largest American university under Jewish auspices.

According to Orthodox interpretation, Jewish law strongly prohibits homosexual relationships, and Orthodox leaders have been outspoken in condemning the Reform rabbis' recent resolution on same-sex unions.

Although the case was dismissed in New York's Supreme Court on March 15, 1999, the students -- backed by the American Civil Liberties Union -- are appealing.

They had their first court hearing April 19 before a panel of judges in the New York Supreme Court's Appellate Division.

The students' attorney, James Esseks, argued that by requiring students to present a marriage certificate in order to receive couples housing, the university's policy has a disparate impact on homosexual couples who are unable to marry. Thus, he argued, it violates city and state human rights laws.

Yeshiva's attorney, Mark Jacoby, said that the university has a limited amount of student housing available, and while it can provide housing to the children and spouses of students it cannot "open that up to all people who want to live with a partner."

He also noted that the university does not permit unmarried heterosexual partners to live together in university housing.

Asked by one of the judges if the university would recognize a same-sex marriage certificate from a government that recognizes same-sex marriages, Jacoby said it would, but Esseks stated that no state or nation recognizes gay marriages. The Vermont Senate last week approved "civil unions" giving same-gender couples all the benefits of marriage under state law, but the vote recognized these unions only in Vermont.

The plaintiffs do not have legal domestic partnership agreements, and the university would not recognize them if they did.

It is not clear when the judges will issue a ruling.

In dismissing the original case, the judge wrote, "Einstein is not responsible for the fact that gay and lesbian students are unable to provide the college with a marriage certificate that validates their relationship with their partner. The plaintiffs' real complaint lies not with the defendants but, rather, with the refusal of the New York state legislature to sanction same-sex marriages."

During last week's hearing, the plaintiffs and about 15 friends sat quietly in the seats reserved for observers. One of the plaintiffs, fourth-year medical student Sara Levin, 26, held the hand of her partner, Carla Richmond.

The other plaintiffs are third-year medical student Maggie Jones, who has broken up with her domestic partner since the case was dismissed last year, and Gila Wildfire, acting in her capacity as secretary of the Einstein Association of Gays, Lesbians and Bisexuals.

With Levin approaching graduation and Jones no longer with her partner, the case's outcome will not affect them personally. Both said they are appealing nonetheless to help future students affected by the school's housing policy.

"Cases like this will determine how any institution designs its policies, and I'll be involved in lots of institutions as a doctor," said Levin after the hearing, shortly before leaving to prepare for a Passover seder.

Although when she enrolled she knew university housing was restricted to students and their spouses, Levin said she had "assumed they would accept a domestic partnership."

Richmond, a social worker who has been Levin's partner for eight years, said the two have been living in Brooklyn -- a lengthy commute -- because they were unable to find safe, affordable housing close to the medical school's Bronx campus.

"It's been an additional stress on her in what's already a stressful process," Richmond said. "She's had to make choices between being in an environment in which she has ready access and losing sleep because of having to commute, but having the support of a partner."

The two met as undergraduates at Columbia University. Asked if they were united in a commitment ceremony, they said, "Not yet."

Interviewed after the hearing, their lawyer said that other New York universities with married-student housing, such as Columbia, make those facilities available to gay couples.

Yeshiva officials declined to comment on the case, but noted in a statement that the 1999 decision ruled that "our student housing policies are in full compliance with all anti-discrimination laws."

Because the appeal is pending, "no further comment would be appropriate at that time," adds the statement.

Although commonly thought of as an Orthodox institution, Yeshiva University has been chartered since 1969 as nonsectarian, enabling it to receive state and federal funding.

That nonsectarian status means it must abide by various anti-discrimination laws, forcing it at times to adopt policies offensive to the religious sensibilities of some of its alumni and donors.

In the mid-1990s, it refused to ban gay student groups at Einstein and its law school, despite demands from some Orthodox students and alumni. -- Julie Wiener, Jewish Telegraphic Agency