When Moshe Friedman turned 31, he made what was for him a radical decision: He left school and launched a start-up.
Plenty of Israelis jump from graduate school to the high-tech sector, but for Friedman the leap was longer. A descendant of rabbis, he had studied at leading Charedi Orthodox schools where many of his peers would spend decades, never intending to work.
Friedman soon found himself caught between two worlds. Largely secular venture capitalists were reluctant to fund his video editing company, he said, because the cultural gap between secular and Charedi engendered a measure of mistrust. And he kept the company a secret from his extended family for fear they would disapprove.
“What I discovered was to be Charedi and enter ‘start-up nation’ is very hard,” Friedman said. “The start-up world is a very secular world. They looked at me as a stranger.”
The question of how to better integrate a growing Charedi population has long dogged Israeli leaders. Most Charedi men never serve in the military, as is mandatory for other Jewish Israelis at age 18, and instead engage in religious study full-time, living off public subsidies that have grown more controversial as the Charedi population has expanded.
Israel’s Taub Center for Social Policy Studies reported that as of 2011, fewer than 50 percent of Charedi men worked.
The call by secular politicians for Charedi Israelis to more equitably “share the burden” became a rallying cry this year. But a recent law extending the military draft to Charedim was met with strident opposition, with Charedi leaders accusing the government of trying to secularize their community.
Despite the protests, a steady stream of Charedi men has joined Israel’s workforce. Some view work as merely a necessity to support their families, while others see the rising tide of Charedi working men as a quiet force for increased understanding between them and the rest of the country.
Friedman is among the latter. Three years after founding his video company, he co-founded a new initiative to place more Charedi employees at Israeli technology firms. The program, run by the Israel office of the telecommunications giant Cisco Systems, launched last year and already has placed 100 Charedi employees at companies such as Google and Intel.
“There’s a stigma that because secular Israelis don’t have [Jewish] laws and religion, they don’t have clear values,” said Zika Abzuk, who heads the Cisco program with Friedman. “What’s clear to us is that when secular and Charedi meet one on one, they know each other as people and all the preconceived notions drain away.”
Charedi high-school students at Israeli Sci-Tech Schools spend their mornings studying Torah and their afternoons learning a trade. Photo from the Israel Sci-Tech School Network
The Cisco program, called Kama-Tech, is one of several initiatives aimed at giving Charedim the education and tools necessary to find professions. Charedi primary schools teach little English and math, so graduates typically find themselves ill equipped to seek employment, often having to attend junior college and then earn a bachelor’s degree before they can hope to land a job.
But employment counselors at Kemach, a Jerusalem-based organization that has helped 6,000 Charedim find work, say yeshivas endow Charedim with skills useful to companies. Talmud study in pairs teaches Charedi men to collaborate on projects. Long hours at yeshiva give them a strong work ethic. And because Charedim who enter the job market typically have wives and children, they’re more settled and less likely than young secular Israelis to bounce around jobs.
“This generation of workers is always working, but people move to different places,” said Moshe Feder, an employment coach at Kemach. “What’s important to the standard Charedi employee is the stability of his salary. He doesn’t go other places. He’s more loyal to his workplace.”
While Cisco’s program aims for social cohesion, Kemach has no agenda beyond guiding Charedim to gainful employment — an approach that has gained the tacit approval of leading Charedi rabbis.
Students at Mivchar, an all-Charedi college in Bnei Brak, said that rabbis sanctioned their earning a degree only after students said they needed one to support their wives and children.
Elazar Oshri, 28, who was cramming for an entrance exam last week to a geoinformatics program, was attempting to gain admission to the college after years of religious study. Even if he was accepted, Oshri said, he hoped to continue to study Torah at night.
“[My rabbi] didn’t make my life easy about this,” Oshri said. “But my conditions changed financially. This is a means, not a goal.”
Knesset member Dov Lipman of the centrist Yesh Atid party said he also wanted to offer Charedim an escape from poverty. A more unified society is a secondary goal, he said.
Still, Charedi leaders have lambasted Lipman, who studied in a Charedi yeshiva, for betraying the community. But Lipman said his work encouraging large, government-funded companies to hire Charedim would be hard for any rabbi to criticize.
“It’s very hard for any rabbi to say, ‘We don’t want you to sustain your family the traditional way everyone in most Orthodox circles does,’ ” Lipman said.
Some Charedim are starting secular studies well before their bank accounts run dry.
At the Kfar Zeitim school near the northern city of Tiberias, Charedi high schoolers spend the morning studying a religious curriculum and the afternoon learning a trade, such as carpentry or electrical engineering. Their school day runs from 8 a.m. to 7 p.m.
Kfar Zeitim is one of five such schools run by the Israel Sci-Tech Schools, an organization focused on educating Israel’s minorities. Some 500 Charedi students attend the network’s schools.
Zvi Peleg, Sci-Tech’s director general, said the schools have avoided ruffling feathers among Charedim by targeting students who are struggling in the yeshiva system.
“There are adolescents who hang around in the street and don’t learn,” Peleg said. “Their ability to get into drugs and bad places is high.”
A few Charedim studying toward technical degrees said there was increasing acceptance of working men in the Charedi community. Even with the premium placed on full-time Torah study, Friedman said Charedim prioritize their families’ economic stability over strict ideology.
“I didn’t want people to know I was doing a start-up,” he said. “But when I was already doing Kama-Tech, they were happy that I was helping people.”
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